...but returning to the initial question:
*IF* you were going to mass one vessel, what would it be? (As in: For the rest of your game, you would only be allowed to use ONE type from each category)
Frigates: Long Range Frigates, especially the LRM. They do 75% damage against Heavy, Very Heavy and Capital...but that's honestly not bad at all, considering the numbers you can amass, and the range they have.
Cruisers: That's a no-brainer, I think: Heavy Assaults all the way. Kodiak/Destra/Skarovas. Great damage against all types of ships.
Capitals: Battle-ships. Kol/Kortul/Radiance. Again going for the idea of bristling with varied weaponry rather than any special abilities.
...however...as people mentioned, the key to battle in Sins is to think Paper/Rock-Scissors. All these constallations are largely defenseless against fighters and bombers. The Capitals can get some Fighters of their own up after a few levels, but nothing nearly enough to stand a chance against an enemy who had spent the same number of Fleet-points and resources on a varried fleet...