IF you play 2 to 4 hours before having big battles, you should expect the computer to retreat. Why?
It is simple.
Your game galaxy has been developed. The computer will attack but you probably have well defended systems. So, why would the computer want to let his whole fleet be destroyed in an offensive strike?
Second, if you attack his forward positions, the AI again probably would rather lose them and keep some of his fleet to defend more important secondary ones.
Think about it. Retreating is often the smart choice.
If you want big fleet battles, you have to chase! And risk losing your fleet in the AI's territory. Or, keep pushing the AI until there is no where left to run or the stakes are so high that retreating is no longer an option.
Of course, there are certain ships, abilities and buildings that can slow retreating fleets, too.
Just my 2 cents.