I agree that, within American society as a whole, it is possible to reach a consensus about the definition of success. Webster's defines consensus as "general agreement" (http://www.webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=consensus) but then goes on to equate it with unanimity. In a society as diverse as ours, I don't think we will see unanimity on any meaningful issues ever again, if we ever did.
There are many societies, however, where success and morality don't even mix. A successful marriage is one that produces many children. A successful carreer is one in which you can provide for your family's health and material well-being. Look at Asian cultures where there is a very strong sense of "we're in this together", yet there is a very strong drive to out score and out perform the competition.
I see these terms of having more political meaning than anything else. These meanings include (a) do you like your government big or small? and (

with which group of stereotypes are you more comfortable being grouped? Of course there is more than one kind of conservative and more than one kind of liberal, so this is a false dichotomy, just like all dichotomies.
Perhaps the answers to our questions about success have more to do with the historical period in which we live than anything else. If we can agree with the stereotypes for a moment, self-made successes are more likely to be conservatives, and second generation successes are more likely to be "compassionate" liberals, saddled with the guilt of benefiting from something they feel they didn't earn. Isn't that a lot like where America finds itself now? For most of the 20th century, America was a self-made success. Now we find ourselves with an increasingly indirect economy, outsourcing our production, and confronted by the threat of depending on foreign resources. We're like a country of second generation successes who are smart enough to realize we need to be much more like our predecessors or get left behind.