Quitting DOES result in a loss of your stats, more so than just surrendering.
Well, maybe. Surrendering is "honorable", (as P5yy says), but it DOES cripple your team, (if you surrender when/while you have considerable resources, or planets left). And to be clearer, Surrendering adds a "loss" to you stats, and one more game completed. Whereas just quitting, only just adds one more game completed (no win or loss is recorded). That is:
A new player that 'Surrenders' = 1 Games, 0 Wins, 1 Losses.
A new player that 'Quits' only = 1 Games, 0 Wins, 0 Losses.
BTW, It is very, very rare to find someone whose stats add up (Games=Wins+Losses).
P5yy didn't say so specifically, but when someone quits (rather than surrendering), a HARD AI replaces them. This AI is often better than the player that just quit! That new Hard AI instantly starts getting 1.5 times more income & resources than the player did! And a Hard AI isn't completely stupid. It will employ new strategies, including annoying seige runs.
As P5yy said, when someone 'surrenders', that new 'AI' (that takes over), will just sits there. Or does nothing!
Once I learned this, and realized that recorded "losses" are strictly voluntary, I ALWAYS quit (rather than surrender), at the appropriate time. And I am proud that my stats show 0/Zero losses!
(PS. A greater than 50% win ratio, is actually a pretty good record! Due to various disconnects, restarts, and only 1 winner in FFA's, etc. etc.)