Another way of doing it is to have risk like missions. Each mission gives points, the person at the end with the most points wins.
So missions could be like:
kill opponent 5/red/vasari
Create a trade route 10 planets long (including other player's/excluding other players)
have the greatest culture rating in the game
Hold Planet x for x amount of time
Have control of planet Y at the end of the game
Control 1 ice planet, 1 volcano and one dessert planet at the end of the game
The list could go on and on. Some missions will coincide with other players' missions, some will conflict with their missions.
To make it more interesting, missions could be given all at the start, or distributed throughout the game changing the political makeup.
The points system would be beneficial because it would allow players to decide what missions they wish to accomplish. Example, if your mission is to kill player x, but player x can help you achieve all your other missions, you could win the game by not completing that mission.
This could then lead into interesting espionage abilities, where you are trying to find out what missions the other players have.
Maybe this idea deserves it's own thread.