Novaliths do 3500 damage, which is enough to sterilize any asteroid barring huge reductions in bombing damage.
In the game I have currently going, one of the TEC Loyalists built Novaliths at 4 of it's 6 planets and it's only been ineffective due to maxed Hardened Cities, a Siege Pact with a TEC ally, and the Ion Field Generator artifact for a total of 65% bombing damage reduction (one Novalith shot thus does 1225 damage).
Hardened Cities reduces bombing damage by 5%/10%/15%, so even with maxed HC, a Novalith shot will still do 2925 damage.
The TEC Siege Pact reduces bombing damage taken by 10%.
The Ion Field Generator artifact reduces damage by 40%.
The Shield Generator, depending on research, reduces damage by 30%/50%/80%.
So really, the faction that is least able to mitigate the effects of a Novalith is the Vasari.