Not really, but you can move the shipyard to avoid the asteroids, and you can also click on the ship and then click on when you want it to eject to. Workarounds for what I think you're saying you want to do.

I can't believe this is not in GC3. In GC2 they let us select which direction to launch ships from planets. For some reason we can't pick what direction to launch ships from star bases, shipyards, planets in GC3. I saw the default direction in a xml, it seems to be northwest. I don't know how many turns I have wasted when ships took an extra turn to make it to the rally point, when my ships keep launching from the right instead of the left side of the shipyard.

You can make a rally point in an open hex. Just click the rally point tab on the right of the main screen and clicknew!

EDIT: typos.

Try blocking the tiles that you don't want the shipyard launching ships into with a space station or planet. That's the only way I know of to adjust launch direction without messing around with rally points. Won't work for avoiding asteroid fields adjacent to the shipyard, of course.

Speaking of, I really wish pathing would go through rather than around friendly space stations and planets, especially if they're at a point which makes the way around them a bit long (e.g. in between two planets, or in a gap between nebulae or dust clouds). That might be a problem with the aggressive automatic fleet formation behavior the developers put in place, though, given that anything that stops moving on the same tile that some other thing is present on jumps into a fleet with that other thing.